addictiondependence

Addiction and dependence are terms used to describe different aspects of problematic substance use. The combined term addictiondependence is not a standard clinical label, but it may be used informally to refer to the overlap between compulsive use patterns and physiological adaptations to a substance. In clinical practice, physical dependence and addiction are distinguished, though they often co-occur.

Physical dependence is a body-wide adaptation to repeated drug exposure, marked by tolerance and withdrawal symptoms if use stops or decreases. It can occur with many medications and substances, and it is not the same as an addictive disorder. Addiction, or a substance use disorder in current clinical terminology, involves a pattern of compulsive use, impaired control, continued use despite harm, and strong craving, often accompanied by changes in brain reward and stress systems.

The relationship between dependence and addiction varies. A person may be physically dependent without meeting criteria for an addictive disorder, and some individuals with addiction experience little withdrawal. Many with addiction also show some degree of physical dependence, particularly with long-term use.

Diagnosis and treatment guidance emphasize separate but related concepts. Substance use disorder is diagnosed by criteria such as impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and pharmacological effects. Treatment combines pharmacotherapy for specific disorders (for example, opioid, alcohol, or nicotine use disorders) with psychosocial interventions like cognitive-behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, and contingency management. Harm-reduction approaches and ongoing recovery support also play important roles in reducing risk and promoting long-term outcomes.