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Actuators are components of a machine or system that are responsible for moving or controlling a mechanism or system. They are used to convert energy, typically from a fluid power, electrical, or chemical source, into some kind of motion. This motion can be linear, rotary, or oscillatory. Actuators are fundamental to automation and control systems, enabling devices to perform physical tasks based on signals from a controller.

There are several common types of actuators, each suited to different applications. Hydraulic actuators use pressurized liquid to generate force and motion. Pneumatic actuators utilize compressed air, offering faster operation but generally lower force than hydraulic systems. Electric actuators convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, often through motors, providing precise control and cleanliness. Thermal actuators respond to temperature changes, expanding or contracting to create movement.

The selection of an actuator depends on factors such as the required force or torque, speed of operation, precision, environmental conditions, power source availability, and cost. They are integral to a vast array of technologies, from industrial robots and manufacturing equipment to automotive systems, medical devices, and consumer electronics. Without actuators, most automated processes and many modern machines would be unable to function. Their role is to translate control signals into physical action, making them a critical link in any mechatronic system.