Yurisdiksi

Yurisdiksi, or jurisdiction, is the legal authority of a court, government agency, or other competent body to hear, decide, and enforce the law regarding a defined set of persons, disputes, or territory. The term is used in many legal systems, including Indonesian and Malay, to describe the scope and limits of power to act within a particular domain. Jurisdiction shapes which body may resolve a dispute and which law applies in a given situation.

Jurisdiction can be understood through several dimensions. Territorial jurisdiction concerns the geographic area where authority is exercised, such as a court’s reach within a country or region. Personal jurisdiction refers to power over the individuals or entities involved, often based on residence, presence, or consent. Subject-matter jurisdiction is the authority to decide specific kinds of disputes, such as civil, criminal, administrative, or constitutional matters. Jurisdiction can be exclusive or non-exclusive and original or appellate, and it may be concurrent when more than one forum could hear a case.

In international and cross-border contexts, jurisdiction arises from sovereignty, treaties, and customary international law. States may assert jurisdiction over their nationals, over acts with effects within their territory, or under specific international agreements. Disputes about which forum has jurisdiction are common, especially in commercial and digital transactions, where forum selection, choice-of-law clauses, and enforcement of foreign judgments come into play.

Determining jurisdiction involves analyzing statutes, constitutional provisions, and relevant case law. As technology and cross-border activities evolve, the scope and conduct of yurisdiksi continue to adapt, balancing access to justice with respect for legal order and enforcement.