Yaylmalar

Yaylmalar, commonly known as alpine meadows or high-altitude pastures, are seasonal grazing lands found primarily in mountainous regions of Turkey and neighboring countries. These areas are typically located at elevations above 1,500 meters (4,900 feet) and are used by livestock during the warmer months, particularly from late spring to early autumn. The term originates from the Turkish words *yay* (summer) and *ılmak* (to graze), reflecting their seasonal use.

Yaylmalar play a crucial role in the traditional pastoral lifestyle of many communities, particularly in regions like Anatolia, where livestock farming has been a staple for centuries. During the summer, herders move their animals—such as sheep, goats, and cattle—to these high-altitude pastures, taking advantage of the lush, nutrient-rich grasses that grow there. This practice, known as *yaylaçılık* (transhumance), allows livestock to thrive on fresh forage while also providing a temporary respite for farmers from lower-lying, often arid or overgrazed areas.

The landscape of yaylmalar is characterized by open meadows, scattered shrubs, and sometimes rocky terrain, depending on the region. These areas are often surrounded by dense forests or villages at lower elevations. The seasonal migration to yaylmalar also serves as a social and cultural tradition, fostering community bonds and preserving heritage. Many yaylmalar are situated in remote locations, accessible only by foot or horseback, which adds to their charm and isolation.

In recent decades, the decline of traditional transhumance practices has been observed due to urbanization, economic shifts, and environmental changes. However, efforts to preserve yaylmalar as cultural and ecological heritage sites continue, recognizing their importance in maintaining biodiversity and traditional rural livelihoods. Some regions have also developed tourism initiatives centered around these high-altitude pastures, offering visitors a glimpse into the enduring pastoral traditions of the area.