Xband

X-band is a portion of the microwave radio spectrum, typically defined as frequencies from about 8.0 to 12.0 GHz. The term follows the IEEE radar band naming convention and is used internationally to designate high-frequency radar and related communications applications. The exact allocations can vary by country and regulatory region, but the 8–12 GHz range is widely associated with X-band.

Radar uses: X-band is widely employed in airborne, naval, and ground-based radar systems. The shorter wavelengths available in this band allow higher azimuth and range resolution, enabling detailed imaging and target discrimination. This makes X-band attractive for surveillance, fire-control radars, and certain weather and research radars, including some systems designed to operate in challenging environments where compact, high‑gain antennas are beneficial.

Satellite communications: X-band is also used for space communications, particularly in military and government networks, with uplink and downlink segments allocated in the near 7–8 GHz and 8–12 GHz ranges depending on regulatory provisions. X-band links can support high data rates and benefit from relatively compact antenna sizes compared with lower-frequency bands, which is advantageous for mobile or tactical terminals. In commercial contexts, X-band usage is less common than Ka- or C-band but remains important for specific programs and regional deployments.

Characteristics and governance: The band offers a balance between antenna size, achievable data rates, and susceptibility to weather effects. Because allocations are regulated, users must obtain appropriate licenses or permissions from national authorities and comply with ITU (International Telecommunication Union) regulations and regional plans.