Waldenstrom

Waldenström macroglobulinemia is a rare, slow-growing type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It originates in the bone marrow and is characterized by the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells called lymphocytes. These abnormal lymphocytes produce a large amount of a specific type of protein called immunoglobulin M (IgM), also known as a monoclonal protein or M-protein. The accumulation of these cancerous lymphocytes and the high levels of IgM can interfere with normal blood cell production, leading to various symptoms.

The exact cause of Waldenström macroglobulinemia is unknown, but it is thought to involve genetic mutations within the B-cells. It typically affects older adults, with the average age at diagnosis being in the 60s or 70s. Men are slightly more likely to develop the condition than women.

Symptoms can vary and may develop gradually. Common signs include fatigue, weakness, anemia due to low red blood cell count, bleeding, particularly from the gums or nose, due to low platelet count, and enlarged lymph nodes or spleen. Neurological symptoms, such as headaches, dizziness, and vision disturbances, can occur due to the thickening of the blood caused by high IgM levels, a condition known as hyperviscosity syndrome.

Diagnosis usually involves blood tests to detect the M-protein and abnormal lymphocytes, bone marrow biopsy to examine the cancerous cells, and imaging scans to assess for enlarged lymph nodes or organs. Treatment depends on the severity of symptoms and the stage of the disease. For individuals with mild or no symptoms, watchful waiting may be an option. For those with more significant symptoms, treatments such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy may be used.