Viiterühmade

Viiterühmade, often translated as "reference groups," are sociological concepts referring to groups that individuals use as a standard for self-evaluation and behavior. These groups can be real or imagined, and their influence can be direct or indirect. People compare their own attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to those of their reference groups, which can shape their aspirations, social identity, and decision-making processes.

There are two primary types of reference groups: primary and secondary. Primary reference groups are typically small, intimate, and involve direct interaction, such as family or close friends. These groups have a profound and lasting impact on an individual's development. Secondary reference groups are larger, more formal, and involve less personal interaction, such as professional organizations or religious communities. Membership in these groups can be temporary or aspirational.

The function of reference groups is multifaceted. They serve as a benchmark for social comparison, helping individuals understand their place within society and gauge their own performance or status. They also act as sources of norms, values, and attitudes, guiding individual behavior and shaping social identity. Furthermore, reference groups can influence consumption patterns, political views, and career choices. The specific impact of a reference group depends on factors such as the individual's identification with the group, the group's perceived status, and the individual's need for social approval.