Venomdelivery

Venomdelivery refers to the biological mechanisms by which venomous organisms introduce venom into another animal, typically for predation, defense, or competitive interactions. Venom is a complex biochemical mixture produced in specialized glands and often stored until release. Toxins commonly target the nervous system, blood, or cellular integrity, and may include neurotoxins, cytotoxins, and enzymatic components that disrupt tissue or physiology.

Delivery systems are diverse and have evolved independently across lineages. Snakes and some lizards use hollow fangs connected to venom glands to inject venom during a bite. Spiders, scorpions, and certain bees, wasps, and other arthropods deploy venom through fangs or stingers that deliver venom through a puncture or puncture-like wound. Cone snails employ a modified radular tooth that acts as a harpoon to inject venom into prey. Cnidarians such as jellyfish use nematocysts, tiny capsules that discharge venom upon contact. Some mammals, such as the platypus, possess venom glands connected to spurs for delivering venom during intraspecific encounters. Certain fish and amphibians carry venomous spines or glands for defensive envenomation. Cephalopods can deliver venom during a bite, as seen in the blue-ringed octopus.

Medical relevance includes the risk of envenomation to humans, which varies by species and venom composition. Treatment often relies on species-specific antivenoms or supportive care to manage symptoms. First aid emphasizes immobilization, minimizing movement, and seeking prompt medical attention.

Evolutionary notes emphasize convergent development of venom delivery across distant groups, with venom composition shaped by ecological roles in prey capture and defense.