Vanaras

Vanaras is a term from Sanskrit used in Hindu literature to describe a race of humanoid, monkey-like beings. The word vanara is often interpreted as “forest-dweller” or “ape,” and vanaras are depicted as intelligent, speaking creatures with organized social structures. They are most closely associated with the Ramayana, but appear in various regional traditions and later retellings as well. In the Ramayana, vanaras are described as living in forest realms such as Kishkindha and other parts of the Indian subcontinent and surrounding regions.

In the Ramayana, vanaras form a significant ally of Rama in his quest to rescue his wife Sita. After a feud removes Rama’s ally Vibhishana and creates political opportunity, the vanara king Sugriva offers his people’s aid. The army and council of vanaras, including notable figures such as Hanuman, Angada, Jambavan, and Nala, assist Rama in locating Sita, gathering information, and fighting Ravana’s forces. They also participate in the construction of the Rama Setu, the bridge to Lanka, to enable Rama’s army to reach Ravana’s citadel. Hanuman, in particular, is celebrated as the devoted son of the wind god and a central figure among the vanaras, renowned for strength, bravery, and humility.

Outside the Ramayana, vanaras appear in other texts and regional stories as symbols of strength, loyalty, and courage. Their depictions have influenced religious art, theatre, and popular culture, where they are often associated with devotion, heroism, and the triumph of good over evil. In modern retellings, vanaras continue to be depicted as part of a broader mythic tradition surrounding Rama and his companions.