Valencearousal

Valencearousal refers to the valence–arousal model of affect, a two-dimensional framework for describing emotions. In this model, an emotional state is positioned in a continuous space defined by valence (pleasant to unpleasant) and arousal (activated to calm). The approach traces its roots to early work on affective space and was formalized in modern psychology as the circumplex model of affect.

Valence indicates whether an experience is subjectively pleasant or unpleasant, while arousal captures the level of physiological and subjective activation. Combinations of these dimensions yield common affective states: high valence and high arousal (joyful excitement); high arousal and low valence (fear or anger); low arousal and high valence (calm contentment); and low valence with low arousal (sadness or boredom). The model assumes these dimensions vary continuously rather than existing as discrete categories.

Measurement and applications: Researchers use self-report scales such as the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) to rate valence and arousal, often alongside physiological measures like skin conductance or heart rate. In affective computing and human–computer interaction, valence–arousal coordinates guide emotion recognition, adaptive interfaces, and user experience design. In psychology, marketing, and consumer research, the model supports the study of mood, motivation, and emotional responses to stimuli or products.

Limitations: The two dimensions do not capture all nuances of emotion, and cultural or individual differences influence interpretation. Some emotions involve rapid shifts or multiple aspects beyond valence and arousal. The model coexists with discrete emotion theories and other dimensional approaches, and researchers often integrate appraisal and context for fuller understanding.