Urologi

Urology is a surgical medical specialty that focuses on the urinary tract in both sexes and the male reproductive system. Practitioners diagnose, treat, and manage disorders of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and, in men, the penis, testes, epididymis, and prostate. Urologists may perform both medical and surgical therapies and often collaborate with other specialties.

Common conditions include urinary tract infections, kidney stones, incontinence, hematuria, kidney or bladder cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer, erectile dysfunction, and male infertility. Pediatric urology deals with congenital anomalies and development issues in children.

Diagnosis typically involves medical history, physical exam, urinalysis, blood tests, imaging (ultrasound, CT, MRI), cystoscopy, and urodynamic studies. Treatments range from medications (antibiotics, alpha-blockers, 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, PDE5 inhibitors) to surgical procedures such as transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), nephrectomy, cystectomy, lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, and reconstructive surgeries. Minimally invasive techniques, including laparoscopy and robotic surgery, are common.

Education and training: in most countries, urology requires completing medical school and a specialty training program (residency) in urology, often followed by fellowships in subspecialties such as pediatric urology, uro-oncology, endourology, or female urology.

Urology integrates with other fields such as oncology, nephrology, radiology, and gynecology to provide comprehensive care. The field continues to evolve with advances in minimally invasive techniques, imaging, and cancer therapies.