Undertranslation

Undertranslation refers to the phenomenon in translation studies where a source text is rendered in a target language with fewer words, phrases, or expressions than the original. This occurs when certain elements of the source text—such as cultural references, idioms, or stylistic devices—lack direct equivalents in the target language, leading to omissions or simplifications. Unlike literal translation, which may preserve every word but lose nuance, undertranslation prioritizes clarity and coherence by excluding elements deemed unnecessary or untranslatable.

This approach is common in languages with differing cultural contexts, where certain concepts, proverbs, or rhetorical flourishes may not have parallel expressions. For example, a poetic metaphor in one language might be replaced with a straightforward description in another to ensure the target audience understands the message without confusion. Undertranslation is often employed in technical, scientific, or literary translations where precision is valued over verbatim fidelity.

Critics argue that undertranslation can result in a loss of cultural richness or artistic intent, as key aspects of the original text are excluded. However, proponents contend that it improves accessibility and readability, particularly for non-specialist audiences. The decision to undertranslate depends on the translation’s purpose, the relationship between the source and target languages, and the translator’s or editor’s judgment. It remains a debated strategy in translation theory, reflecting broader questions about fidelity, adaptation, and the role of the translator in shaping meaning across languages.