Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfungsgesetz

Umweltverträglichkeit refers to the degree to which a proposed activity or project is compatible with the surrounding environment and ecosystems. In many jurisdictions this concept is implemented through an environmental impact assessment, commonly referred to as Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung (UVP), which analyzes potential effects on air, water, soil, biodiversity, noise, cultural heritage, and human health.

The UVP process typically begins with a screening to determine whether an assessment is required. If so, a scoping phase identifies relevant environmental issues and the scope of data to collect. This is followed by the preparation of an impact assessment report, which evaluates potential effects, considers reasonable alternatives, and outlines mitigation measures to reduce adverse outcomes. Public participation and consultation with stakeholders are often integral parts of the process, and a final decision by authorities may depend on the report and proposed mitigations. In many systems, post-approval monitoring is required to verify that mitigation measures are implemented and effective.

Legal frameworks vary by country but share common objectives: to prevent or reduce environmental harm, inform decision makers, and promote sustainable development. At the European level, environmental impact assessment is guided by the EU EIA Directive, while national implementations may have additional or more detailed rules. In Germany, for example, the UVP is codified in national legislation and integrated with sector-specific planning and permitting processes.

Critics note that UVP processes can be time-consuming and costly, and may struggle to address cumulative or long-term effects. Proponents argue that when well designed, UVPs improve planning, transparency, and environmental protection, helping to identify more sustainable project options.