Tyres

Tyres are flexible elastomer rings fitted around wheels to provide a contact patch with the road. They support the vehicle’s weight, absorb shocks, and transmit steering, braking, and acceleration forces through the tread. Most modern tyres are tubeless and mounted on rims, forming an airtight wheel assembly.

Across the outside is the tread; beneath sit the sidewall, an inner liner, and a supporting carcass with belts. The tread offers grip and wear resistance; the sidewall tolerates flex; the inner liner keeps air in. Tyres commonly use radial construction with steel belts and are tubeless. Materials include natural and synthetic rubber, carbon black or silica fillers, and other additives.

Tyres are designed for different vehicles (passenger cars, light trucks, motorcycles, heavy-duty). Seasonal variants include summer, winter (with or without studs), and all-season. Run-flat tyres and retreadable designs are also available. Size and performance are indicated on the sidewall by a code and labels for load, speed, and efficiency.

Maintaining correct inflation, tread depth, and alignment is essential for safety and efficiency. Regular checks, rotation, and balancing extend life. Common safety guidance: replace tyres when tread depth falls below about 1.6 mm, or earlier if there is cracking or damage. Tyre aging can occur with time; many manufacturers recommend replacing tyres after 6–10 years regardless of remaining tread.

Tyre development is governed by international standards (for example ISO) and regional regulations (ECE, DOT). After use, tyres may be retreaded or recycled into crumb rubber and other products to reduce waste.