Typhlonectidae

Typhlonectidae is a family of caecilians (order Gymnophiona) consisting of exclusively aquatic, eel-like amphibians native to tropical South America. They represent one of the most specialized lineages of caecilians for life in water, occupying freshwater habitats such as rivers, swamps, and floodplains.

They have elongated, limbless bodies with smooth skin and relatively small eyes. A pair of chemosensory tentacles near the snout is used for environmental sensing, a characteristic feature of caecilians. The body is adapted for swimming, with a tail that facilitates propulsion.

Reproduction and development: Typhlonectidae exhibit internal fertilization. Many species are viviparous, giving birth to live young that are already adapted to aquatic life.

Taxonomy and notable genera: The family includes several genera, notably Typhlonectes (which includes Typhlonectes natans, the rubber eel) and Atretochoana (to which Atretochoana eiselti belongs).

Conservation and research: Species within Typhlonectidae face threats from habitat degradation, pollution, and hydrological changes in South America. They are relatively understudied compared with other amphibians, and new species and ecological information are still being described.