Turuvahendid

Turuvahendid, often translated as market mechanisms or market-based instruments, are a class of policy tools that use economic incentives to encourage or discourage certain behaviors. Instead of directly regulating or mandating actions, turuvahendid aim to influence decisions by altering the costs or benefits associated with them. This approach leverages market forces to achieve policy objectives, such as environmental protection, public health improvements, or resource management.

A common example of a turuvahend is a carbon tax, where a fee is imposed on greenhouse gas emissions. This tax increases the cost of activities that produce emissions, thereby incentivizing businesses and individuals to reduce their carbon footprint. Similarly, cap-and-trade systems, another type of turuvahend, set a limit on total emissions and allow companies to buy and sell emission permits. This creates a market price for pollution and encourages cost-effective reductions. Other turuvahendid include subsidies for renewable energy, congestion pricing in urban areas, and deposit-refund schemes for products like beverage containers. The effectiveness of turuvahendid often depends on the careful design of the incentives and the specific context in which they are applied. They are a popular choice for policymakers seeking flexible and economically efficient solutions.