Turf

Turf refers to the upper layer of ground covered with grass that is used for lawns, sports fields, golf courses, parks, and general ground cover. It can also refer to artificial turf, a manufactured surface designed to mimic natural grass. Turf performance depends on species, climate, and management.

Natural turf is established from a stand of grasses growing in the soil. The surface includes the shoot layer, thatch, and topsoil. Common cool-season species in temperate regions include Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, and fescues; warm-season species include Bermuda grass, centipede, and zoysia. Maintenance includes mowing, irrigation, fertilization, aeration, dethatching, and pest and weed control.

Synthetic turf uses synthetic fibers attached to a backing, with an infill material such as silica sand or crumb rubber to provide stability and cushioning. It requires infill maintenance, brushing, and infill replenishment; advantages include lower water use and year-round use; drawbacks include higher surface temperature, potential abrasions, and initial cost.

Applications include residential lawns, school and university campuses, municipal parks, and professional sports venues. In golf, turf management is critical for playability; turf quality is influenced by soil, drainage, irrigation, and mowing practices. Climate and soil determine species selection and management approach.

Environmental and economic considerations: natural turf can require substantial irrigation and fertilizer inputs; sustainable practices include drought-tolerant grasses, sensor-based irrigation, and integrated pest management; synthetic turf reduces water use but has end-of-life waste considerations and heat concerns.