Tunneldwelling

Tunneldwelling is the practice or phenomenon of living in tunnels, caves, or other subterranean spaces that have been excavated, modified, or naturally formed for human habitation. It encompasses both purpose-built underground residences and repurposed tunnels or cave networks.

Forms of tunneldwelling include natural cave dwellings, where rock shelters are converted into living spaces, and engineered tunnels that are repurposed from transportation, utility, or mining corridors into residences or shelters. Some communities develop underground homes designed from the outset to exploit a stable subterranean climate and minimize surface disturbance, while others use subterranean spaces for temporary housing, retreat, or experimental architecture.

Design and engineering considerations are essential. Ventilation and air quality, lighting or daylighting, temperature and humidity control, and moisture management are critical for livability. Structural stability, safe emergency egress, and reliable electrical, plumbing, and waste systems must be addressed. Gas safety concerns, such as radon, and the interaction with groundwater and surface conditions are common regulatory and engineering challenges. In many jurisdictions, building codes and zoning laws tightly regulate or prohibit permanent tunneldwelling.

Historical and contemporary contexts vary. Subterranean living has appeared in diverse cultures for defense, climate adaptation, or resource efficiency. In modern settings, tunneldwelling can be associated with marginalized communities or pursued as eco-friendly or experimental housing. Climate, energy considerations, and urban planning influence its development and acceptance.

Notable examples include the Cappadocian underground cities in Turkey and underground homes in Coober Pedy, Australia. While these spaces can offer environmental benefits, they often require specialized design and regulatory compliance to ensure safety and habitability.