Tulekindlaks

Tulekindlaks, also known as *Lampreys* in English, is a group of jawless fish belonging to the order Petromyzontiformes. These eel-like creatures are primarily freshwater species, though some are anadromous, migrating between saltwater and freshwater environments. They are most closely related to hagfishes and are considered primitive vertebrates, lacking paired fins, scales, and true jaws.

Tulekindlaks are characterized by their elongated, cylindrical bodies, which can range from 15 centimeters to over a meter in length, depending on the species. Their mouths are circular and equipped with a rasping tongue-like structure called a *kerisel*, which they use to scrape away flesh from prey or host organisms. Unlike most fish, they do not have true teeth but possess numerous horny teeth on their tongues and jaws.

These fish exhibit a unique life cycle involving metamorphosis. They begin as larvae, known as *ammocoetes*, which live buried in sediment, filtering plankton through their gills. After several years, they undergo metamorphosis into adults, developing external gills and a more streamlined body. Adult tulekindlaks are parasitic, attaching themselves to larger fish to feed on blood and body fluids before spawning and dying shortly afterward.

Tulekindlaks are found in various parts of the world, including North America, Europe, Asia, and South America. Some notable species include the *European brook lamprey* (*Lampetra planeri*), the *American brook lamprey* (*Lampetra appendiculata*), and the *Pacific lamprey* (*Entosphenus tridentatus*). They play an ecological role as both predators and prey, influencing aquatic ecosystems.

Due to habitat degradation, dams, and overfishing, many tulekindlaks species face population declines. Conservation efforts, including habitat restoration and fisheries management, are important for preserving these ancient fish. They are also of cultural and historical significance in some regions, appearing in folklore and traditional practices.