Tubovoeding

Tubovoeding, commonly referred to as tube feeding, is a method of delivering calories, protein, and fluids directly into the gastrointestinal tract through a tube when eating by mouth is not possible or safe. The tube may be placed through the nose into the stomach or small intestine (nasogastric or nasoenteric tubes) for short-term use, or surgically or endoscopically placed in the stomach or small intestine (gastrostomy or jejunostomy tubes) for longer-term support.

Feedings can be administered as a continuous infusion using a pump or as intermittent bolus feedings delivered by syringe. In many cases, feedings are planned to total daily needs over 24 hours, with adjustments for individual tolerance, medical condition, and activity level. Nutrition formulas vary and include standard polymeric formulas, elemental or semi-elemental formulas for specific digestive needs, and specialized formulas for renal, hepatic, pulmonary, metabolic, or pediatric requirements.

Indications for tubovoeding include impaired oral intake due to neurologic disease, stroke, advanced dementia, cancer, critical illness, head and neck surgery, swallowing disorders, or severe malnutrition. It is also used when rapid nutritional rehabilitation is needed or when the gut remains functional and enteral nutrition is preferred over parenteral nutrition.

Common risks and complications comprise tube misplacement or dislodgement, nasal or esophageal irritation, aspiration jeopardy, diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, and electrolyte or glucose disturbances. Ongoing care involves verifying tube position, monitoring tolerance and residuals, maintaining tube and site hygiene, ensuring adequate hydration, and coordinating with dietitians to adjust formula and rate as needed.