Tualet

Tualet is a sanitation fixture designed for the disposal of human urine and feces. It is typically installed in bathrooms or restrooms and is connected to a drainage system and a water supply. A tualet usually consists of a bowl, a flushing mechanism, and a connection to sewer or on-site waste treatment.

Most common types are flush toilets, also called water closets, which use a flush of water to move waste through a sewer or septic system; squat toilets, which are installed at floor level and used in many regions; and dry or composting toilets, which do not rely on water for waste removal. Modern variants may include dual-flush mechanisms, bidet attachments, or integrated toilet seats.

Historically, toilets range from simple latrines to more elaborate installations in ancient civilizations. The modern flush toilet was developed in the early modern period, with broad adoption linked to advances in urban sanitation and the expansion of municipal sewer networks in the 19th and 20th centuries. Today, toilets are typically connected to centralized sewer systems or to on-site facilities such as septic tanks, pit latrines, or composting units.

Access to safe and affordable sanitation is a key public health indicator. Tualets are part of larger water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) programs and vary widely in design and infrastructure across regions. Maintenance and cleaning, proper waste disposal, and adherence to local codes ensure reliable operation and prevent health risks.

Environmental considerations include water use, wastewater treatment, and soil or groundwater impact. Water-saving models, such as low-flow or dual-flush toilets, are increasingly common, while composting toilets offer water-free options but require proper management and space.