Tsukumogami

Tsukumogami are a category of spirits in Japanese folklore, referring to everyday objects that have gained life after existing for a long period, typically 100 years. The belief sits at the intersection of Shinto and Buddhist-influenced folk beliefs, where inanimate objects can acquire a kami or spirit if they endure long enough or are treated with a certain reverence. Common examples include household items such as kettles, brooms, umbrellas, sewing needles, and looms. When an item becomes a tsukumogami, it may interact with people as a recognized being, often described as a helper, a nuisance, or a guardian.

The behavior of tsukumogami ranges widely. Some emerge to repay kindness or care given to them, while others lash out against neglect, waste, or abuse of their original purpose. Stories frequently use tsukumogami to caution against discarding or mistreating tools, and to emphasize the value of history and material culture. Their personalities can reflect the relationship between object and owner, highlighting themes of gratitude, reciprocity, and accountability.

In cultural depictions, tsukumogami have appeared in literature, woodblock prints, and later in modern media, illustrating their enduring appeal. Among the best-known examples are kasa-obake, the animated umbrella, and chōchin-obake, the animated paper lantern. The tsukumogami motif continues to influence contemporary fantasy, manga, and anime, where animated objects may become characters with backstories tied to their original uses and owners.