Tsarism

Tsarism was the system of government in Russia and some neighboring territories from the 16th century until the Russian Revolution of 1917. The term derives from "Tsar," a title meaning emperor, which was adopted by Russian rulers. This system was characterized by autocratic rule, where the Tsar held supreme and absolute power. There was no separation of powers; the Tsar was the head of state, government, and often the church. The Tsar's authority was considered divinely ordained, meaning it was believed to be granted by God, which reinforced their absolute position. This power was maintained through a centralized bureaucracy, a strong military, and a secret police force that suppressed dissent. The vast majority of the population consisted of peasants, many of whom were serfs until their emancipation in 1861. While some reforms were introduced, particularly in the later period of Tsarist rule, the fundamental nature of autocracy remained largely intact. The Tsarist regime faced growing opposition from various social groups, including revolutionaries, liberals, and nationalists, ultimately leading to its collapse and the establishment of the Soviet Union.