Tranzistoru

Tranzistoru is a portable electronic device that amplifies or switches electronic signals and electrical power. It is one of the fundamental building blocks of modern electronic circuits. The concept of the transistor was first demonstrated in 1947 by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley at Bell Laboratories, for which they received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956.

Transistors typically consist of three layers of semiconductor material. The most common types are bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and field-effect transistors (FETs). BJTs have three terminals: the base, the collector, and the emitter. A small current applied to the base controls a larger current flowing between the collector and emitter, allowing for amplification. FETs have a gate terminal that controls the conductivity of a channel between the source and drain terminals through an electric field.

The invention of the transistor revolutionized electronics by replacing bulky and unreliable vacuum tubes. This led to the development of smaller, more energy-efficient, and more robust electronic devices, paving the way for the miniaturization and proliferation of computers, radios, televisions, and countless other technologies. Transistors are manufactured in incredibly large quantities, often on silicon wafers, and are integrated into complex integrated circuits (ICs) or microchips, which are the heart of most modern electronic systems. Their ability to perform both switching and amplification functions makes them indispensable for digital logic and analog signal processing.