Transformatorit

Transformatorit are static electrical devices that transfer electrical energy between circuits through magnetic induction, providing voltage transformation, electrical isolation, or impedance matching. They typically consist of a laminated magnetic core and one or more windings, such as a primary and a secondary, made of insulated conductors and wound around the core. Construction can be oil-filled or dry-type, and some designs use a single winding with taps known as autotransformers.

Operation is based on Faraday's law and mutual inductance: the voltages are proportional to the turns ratio V1/V2 = N1/N2, and the currents are inversely proportional I1/I2 = N2/N1; in an ideal transformer, power is conserved so V1I1 ≈ V2I2 after accounting for losses. Transformers designed for 50/60 Hz power grids use laminated silicon steel cores to reduce eddy currents, while higher-frequency transformers (such as those in switch-mode power supplies) employ ferrite or other materials.

Common types include power transformers for transmission, distribution transformers for local grid voltage adjustment, autotransformers for voltage changes with a single winding, and instrument transformers such as current transformers and voltage (potential) transformers used for metering and protection. They are essential in powering electronics, industrial equipment, and electrical grids.

Losses arise from core losses (hysteresis and eddy currents) and winding losses (copper losses). Efficiency is typically high, especially for large units, and cooling methods (oil-filled radiators, forced cooling, or dry cooling) manage heat. Transformers enable safe voltage level changes and isolation, and their development was pivotal to the expansion of alternating current power systems in the late 19th century.