Toxicosis

Toxicosis refers to a toxic condition resulting from exposure to a toxin, which can be a chemical, drug, or natural substance. It encompasses acute intoxication and chronic toxin effects and can arise via ingestion, inhalation, dermal contact, or injection.

Causes include pharmaceuticals such as overdoses, environmental and industrial chemicals (solvents, pesticides), heavy metals (lead, mercury), plant and animal toxins, foodborne toxins (mycotoxins), and venom from animals such as snakes or insects.

Pathophysiology varies; toxins may interfere with enzymatic processes, disrupt cell membranes, produce oxidative stress, or affect neural signaling. Clinical manifestations depend on the toxin and exposure route and may include gastrointestinal symptoms, neurologic changes, cardiovascular instability, hepatic or renal dysfunction, or coagulopathy.

Diagnosis relies on history of exposure, physical findings, and laboratory tests. The toxicology screen, organ function tests, drug levels, and imaging may aid assessment. In some cases, diagnosis is clinical. Poison control centers can assist.

Management emphasizes removal of the toxin when possible, decontamination (eg, activated charcoal for certain ingestions, skin decontamination for dermal exposure), and supportive care. Antidotes are available for specific substances (e.g., naloxone for opioids, acetylcysteine for acetaminophen, chelating agents for certain metals). Avoidance of further exposure and monitoring for delayed effects are important.

Prognosis depends on the toxin, dose, timeliness of treatment, and underlying health. Prevention focuses on safe handling, proper labeling, poison prevention programs, and rapid access to medical care.