Toothpastes

Toothpaste, or dentifrice, is a paste or gel used with a toothbrush to clean teeth, remove plaque, reduce stains, and freshen breath. Most formulations contain fluoride, surfactants to create foam, abrasives to help scrub, humectants, binders, and water. They are designed for daily use and come in flavors and colors.

Fluoride is the primary active ingredient in many toothpastes because it helps prevent dental caries by promoting remineralization of enamel and inhibiting acid production by plaque bacteria. Common fluoride forms include sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, and monofluorophosphate, with concentrations typically ranging around 1000-1500 ppm in over-the-counter products. Abrasives, such as hydrated silica or calcium carbonate, scrub surfaces without damaging healthy enamel when used properly.

Some toothpastes target sensitivity, tartar control, whitening, or gum health. Desensitizing versions may use potassium nitrate or stannous fluoride. Tartar control dentifrices often incorporate pyrophosphates or zinc salts. Whitening toothpastes can contain mild polishing agents or peroxide compounds, which may provide limited whitening with continued use. There are also non-fluoride formulations available, though they offer less caries protection.

Regulatory bodies in different regions assess labeling and efficacy; many toothpastes bear seals such as the ADA Seal of Acceptance. Guidance advises brushing twice daily for about two minutes, using a pea-sized amount for children, and not swallowing toothpaste. Replace the tube regularly and store in a cool, dry place.