Toeoff

Toe-off is a phase in human gait during which the forefoot and toes generate propulsion to lift the foot off the ground. It occurs during late stance, marking the transition from weight-bearing to the swing phase of the cycle. In this moment the body pivots around the forefoot as the toes push off to propel the leg forward.

Biomechanically, toe-off involves ankle plantarflexion and extension of the metatarsophalangeal joints. The plantarflexor muscles, primarily the gastrocnemius and soleus, generate the propulsive force, while elastic structures such as the Achilles tendon store and release energy to aid propulsion. This combination helps convert stored energy into forward movement and contributes to step length and walking speed.

Toe-off is commonly analyzed in gait studies using motion capture and force measurement to determine the timing of foot-ground contact. Clinically, the timing and effectiveness of toe-off can reflect the function of the plantarflexor system and overall propulsion during walking.

Variations in toe-off can indicate pathology or changes in gait strategy. Reduced or delayed toe-off may occur after stroke, in Parkinson’s disease, with aging, or in individuals with foot deformities or plantarflexor weakness. Such changes can lead to shorter steps, slower walking speed, and higher energy costs. Rehabilitation approaches often focus on strengthening plantarflexors, optimizing ankle mechanics, or using assistive devices to restore a more efficient toe-off and improve gait performance.