Theorieformen

Theorieformen is a German term used to describe different forms of theories that scholars employ to analyze, explain, and interpret phenomena. The concept refers to a typology rather than a single theory, and the exact categories can vary by discipline. In many fields, theorists distinguish among several core forms that differ in purpose, scope, and method.

Descriptive theories aim to characterize patterns, regularities, or structures in a domain without necessarily explaining why they occur. Explanatory theories seek to reveal mechanisms or causes that account for observed relationships. Predictive theories use established relationships to forecast future events or outcomes. Normative theories propose standards, values, or ideals that should guide judgment or policy. Evaluative theories assess the merit or impact of phenomena, policies, or practices against defined criteria. Formal theories rely on abstract symbols, mathematics, or logic to establish rigorous relationships, while conceptual theories focus on clarifying concepts and their interconnections. Model-based theories employ simplified representations or simulations to study complex systems. Integrative or synthesis theories attempt to connect findings across subfields or disciplines to form a more comprehensive understanding. In some disciplines, a distinction is made between grand theories, which aim for broad, sweeping explanations, and middle-range theories, which explain specific problems and are testable in empirical research.

Theorieformen function as tools that guide research design, interpretation, and critique. They are often intertwined, with theories evolving through empirical testing, methodological advances, and cross-disciplinary dialogue. Taxonomies of theory forms are not universal; they reflect disciplinary traditions and scholarly aims.