Temperaturi

Temperaturi is the Romanian term for temperature, a physical quantity describing the degree of hotness or coldness of matter. It is a fundamental parameter in thermodynamics and a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a system. Temperature governs the direction of heat transfer: when two bodies are in contact, heat flows from the hotter to the cooler until they reach thermal equilibrium.

In practice, temperature is measured in several scales. The kelvin (K) is the absolute unit used by scientists, while Celsius (°C) and Fahrenheit (°F) are common practical scales. 0 °C corresponds to the freezing point of water at one atmosphere, and 100 °C to the boiling point. Absolute zero, 0 K, represents the theoretical lower limit of thermal motion.

Measurement methods include liquid-in-glass thermometers (mercury or alcohol), thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), and semiconductor sensors. Each method has applications across industries and scientific disciplines.

Temperature affects many material properties and processes. For example, air density decreases with rising temperature, water reaches its maximum density near 4 °C, and chemical reaction rates generally increase with temperature. Temperature also influences phase changes, such as melting and vaporization.

Applications span meteorology, climatology, medicine, engineering, and energy management. Temperature records and trends are central to understanding climate change, weather forecasting, and industrial control systems. Notable contributions to temperature science include the Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin scales, named after Anders Celsius, Daniel Fahrenheit, and Lord Kelvin (William Thomson), respectively.