Taxonomi

Taxonomy, sometimes referred to as taxonomi in some languages, is the science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms and of arranging them into a hierarchical framework that reflects their evolutionary relationships. The central aim is to produce a universal, stable system of names and to provide a structured arrangement that helps scientists communicate about biodiversity.

Historically, taxonomy began with early naturalists and was systematized by Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century, who introduced binomial nomenclature (two-part names such as Homo sapiens) and a ranked hierarchy (domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species). Within the codes of nomenclature, each taxon is governed by formal rules to ensure unique, priority-based naming across time and languages.

Modern taxonomy integrates systematics and phylogenetics, using morphological, molecular, and genomic data to infer evolutionary relationships and redefine groups. It includes alpha taxonomy (describing species) and higher-level classifications, and increasingly relies on DNA sequencing, barcoding, and computational methods. Taxonomic decisions may lead to reclassification, new species description, or synonymization of taxa. International codes—ICZN for animals, ICN for plants (and fungi) and the prokaryote code—govern naming to standardize usage.

Taxonomy underpins many applied fields, including conservation, ecology, agriculture, and medicine, by cataloging life, informing biodiversity assessments, and guiding policy. It also interfaces with databases and resources that aggregate taxonomic information, such as global names registries and biodiversity portals. Ongoing debates focus on the balance between traditional Linnaean ranks and phylogenetically informed classifications, as well as methods for timing, prioritization, and discoverability of species.