Tattwa

Tattwa is a Sanskrit word often translated as "principle," "reality," or "element." In various Indian philosophical and spiritual traditions, it refers to the fundamental constituents of the universe. The most common system of tattwas, particularly in Tantra and Yoga, enumerates five gross elements (Maha Tattwas): Earth (Prithvi), Water (Jala), Fire (Agni), Air (Vayu), and Ether/Space (Akasha). These are seen as building blocks of the physical world, progressing from the most solid to the most subtle.

Beyond the gross elements, some traditions introduce subtler tattwas. These can include the five subtle elements (tanmatras) corresponding to the gross elements, as well as mind (Manas), intellect (Buddhi), ego (Ahamkara), and the ultimate consciousness (Purusha or Shiva/Shakti). The progression through these tattwas is often described as a manifestation from the unmanifest divine essence into the diverse forms of existence.

Understanding the tattwas is central to various spiritual practices. In yoga, the elements are associated with chakras, the body's energy centers, and meditations on them are used to purify and balance these energies. In Tantra, the tattwas represent different stages of cosmic evolution and are used in rituals and visualization to reconnect with the divine. The concept also appears in other Indian philosophies, sometimes with variations in the number and nature of the tattwas. Ultimately, the study of tattwas aims to provide insight into the nature of reality and one's place within it.