Szinódus

Szinódus, or synod in English, is a formal ecclesiastical assembly in certain Christian churches convened to discuss and decide matters of doctrine, liturgy, governance, or discipline. It typically brings together bishops or other clergy, and in many traditions may include lay representatives. The decisions of a szinódus can be binding within a particular church jurisdiction or offered as guidance to higher authorities, depending on the tradition.

Etymology: the term derives from the Greek synodos, meaning a “meeting together,” via Latin synodus. In Hungarian usage the word is szinódus, retaining the general meaning of a council or assembly.

Types and scope: szinódus manifests in various forms, including local, regional (national or provincial), and ecumenical or plenary assemblies. Some traditions distinguish a szinódus from a formal church council, while others use the terms interchangeably. The authority and jurisdiction of a szinódus vary: in some churches its decisions require confirmation by a higher office, while in others it has legislative or normative force for the body it represents.

Role in church life: szinódus has played a central role in defining doctrine, approving liturgical norms, and organizing administration. In Catholicism, ecumenical councils are supreme, but regional or synodal bodies (such as the Synod of Bishops) advise the pope and govern particular communities. In Protestant and Orthodox contexts, synods often exercise substantial governance at regional levels and contribute to doctrinal and disciplinary decisions.

Notable examples: ecumenical gatherings such as the First Council of Nicaea are considered szinódus in broader sense; the Synod of Dort (1618–1619) influenced Reformed theology; Vatican II shaped modern Catholic synodal structures.