Symbole

Symbole refers to signs that stand for something beyond their literal appearance. In semiotics, symbols convey meaning by convention and learned association, rather than by resemblance (icon) or a direct causal link (index). The relationship between symbol and referent is often arbitrary and culturally situated, which is why symbols can vary across communities and change over time.

Symbols appear in many domains. Linguistic symbols include letters, numerals, and words. Mathematical and scientific notation relies on symbols such as +, ∑, or ∀ to express ideas succinctly. Cultural and religious symbols include icons like the cross or crescent, as well as lotus, mandala, or emblematic motifs. National symbols such as flags and coats of arms serve to express collective identity. In art and heraldry, symbols communicate values, history, and status.

Functions of symbols include enabling abstract thought, simplifying complex ideas, and supporting social cohesion and ritual. They act as shared codes that allow people to communicate efficiently across contexts. Because symbols are culturally learned, their meanings can be highly specific and open to interpretation or controversy.

History and theory. The study of symbols is central to semiotics, the general theory of signs. Classical approaches by Saussure and Peirce distinguished different kinds of signs and examined how symbols acquire meaning through social convention and interpretive practices. In contemporary usage, symbols span everyday writing, mathematics, media, and symbolic systems used in politics, religion, and identity.

Examples include the heart as a symbol of love, the peace symbol, currency signs like $, €, and everyday signs such as traffic lights or brand logos.