Switchmode

Switchmode refers to operation in which a device switches between on and off states to control energy transfer. In electronics, switch-mode regulation particularly describes switch-mode power supplies (SMPS) that convert electrical power by rapidly turning a semiconductor switch on and off and using energy storage elements such as inductors and capacitors.

The output is regulated by controlling the switch duty cycle or its switching frequency, typically with a feedback loop. The voltage or current is averaged over many cycles, yielding a stable DC output while the switching action occurs at relatively high frequency.

Advantages include high efficiency, reduced heat dissipation, and the ability to operate over a wide input voltage range. The high-frequency operation allows smaller transformers and inductors, enabling compact and lightweight power converters. Disadvantages include switching losses, electromagnetic interference, output ripple, and increased design complexity.

Common switch-mode topologies include buck (step-down), boost (step-up), and buck-boost converters, as well as isolated designs such as flyback and forward converters, and high-power configurations such as half-bridge, full-bridge, and push-pull. Different topologies suit different voltage gains, isolation requirements, and power levels.

Switchmode techniques are widely used in consumer electronics, computers, telecommunications, industrial power supplies, and automotive systems.