Surma

Surma is a traditional eye cosmetic widely used in South Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. Historically, it has been made from finely ground kohl, which is typically a dark powder composed of lead sulfide, galena, antimony, and other minerals. The exact ingredients and preparation methods can vary significantly by region and tradition.

The primary purpose of surma is to enhance the appearance of the eyes. It is applied along the lash line, both on the upper and lower eyelids, to make the eyes appear larger and more defined. It is also believed to have protective qualities. In many cultures, surma is thought to shield the eyes from the harsh glare of the sun, dust, and impurities. Some traditional beliefs also attribute medicinal properties to surma, suggesting it can help soothe eye irritation or prevent infections, though scientific evidence for these claims is limited and the use of lead-based preparations carries significant health risks.

The application of surma is a ritualistic practice for many, often passed down through generations. It is worn by people of all ages and genders, although it is particularly common among women. The visual impact of surma is striking, creating a bold and dramatic look that is a significant element of traditional beauty standards in many societies. Modern interpretations sometimes use safer, lead-free alternatives, but the traditional formulations, while carrying health concerns, remain culturally significant.