Surly

Surly is an adjective that describes someone who is bad-tempered, unfriendly, or sullen in demeanor. A surly person may respond curtly, show little warmth, or display brusque behavior. The word can also describe moods or atmospheres, as in a surly afternoon or a surly reply. The term carries a negative connotation and implies irritability rather than a temporary mood.

Etymology: The origin of surly is uncertain; it dates from Middle English and is related to words meaning sullen or sour. It is likely linked to the broader semantic field of hostility and ill humor, and it has cognates in several Germanic languages. The adverb form is surlily, and the noun surliness denotes the quality of being surly.

Usage notes: Surly is relatively strong compared with similar terms such as gruff or curt, and is used when the speaker wants to emphasize brusqueness and hostility rather than mere formality. It is not typically used to describe cheerful or friendly behavior.

Other uses: In modern English, surly may be complemented by other adjectives for nuance, such as 'surly and impatient' or 'surly but honest.' The noun form 'surliness' refers to the trait itself.

See also: gruff, curt, cantankerous, sullen, ill-tempered.

Other uses: The name Surly is also used by Surly Bikes, a U.S. bicycle manufacturer founded in 1998 in Minnesota.