Summits

Summit is a term with two principal meanings in common use. In geography and mountaineering, a summit refers to the highest point of a hill, ridge, or mountain. In diplomacy and international affairs, a summit is a high‑level meeting between heads of state or government, or between representatives of organizations, to discuss major issues.

Geographically, a summit is the topmost point of terrain. It is often marked by a peak or a marked rock outcrop and is defined in maps and surveys by elevation and contour data. Summit elevations vary widely, from modest hills to peaks surpassing 8,000 meters. Measuring and defining summits can involve surveying, GPS data, and considerations of topographic prominence. Weather at summits tends to be harsh and changeable, and access may require technical skills, acclimatization, and careful planning. Reaching a summit is a common objective for climbers, scholars, and surveyors.

In mountaineering, the summit represents an objective or goal of a climb. Routes to summits differ in difficulty and exposure, and climbers may encounter features such as ridges, cornices, crevasses, or false summits. The term “summit” is used in phrases like summit bid or summit ascent, and knowledge of local conditions and safety considerations is essential for successful outcomes.

Diplomatically, a summit is a high‑level meeting intended to advance policy dialogue, cooperation, or agreements. Summits can be bilateral, involving two parties, or multilateral, involving several states or organizations. They are often hosted by a nation or international body and can result in joint statements, accords, or renewed commitments. The word derives from Old French sommet, from Latin summus, meaning highest.