Summers

Summers refers to the warmest season of the year in many temperate climates. In the Northern Hemisphere, it typically spans June through August according to meteorological convention, while astronomical summer runs roughly from the solstice in late June to the equinox in September. In the Southern Hemisphere, the seasons are opposite, with summer generally December through February. The name derives from Old English sumor.

Characterized by longer daylight hours, higher solar insolation, and rising average temperatures, summers vary widely by latitude and local climate. In arid regions they feature hot days and cool nights; in tropical and subtropical zones they can be hot and humid and may include a wet season. Weather patterns such as heat waves, thunderstorms, and monsoons are common in some areas.

Ecology and agriculture: longer growing seasons support crops. Water resources, energy demand, and health outcomes are affected by summer conditions. Cultural and social life often centers on outdoor activities, travel, and vacations, with holidays and festivals aligned to school breaks in many countries.

The term summers can also refer to multiple summer seasons, or to the concept of summers in literature or history, where each summer marks a particular year of weather or events. Climate change has led to warmer average temperatures and more extreme heat events in many regions.