Subkutaale

Subkutaale refers to the subcutaneous tissue, the layer of tissue located just beneath the dermis of the skin. In humans it forms part of the hypodermis and lies between the skin and the underlying muscles, fascia, or other structures. The subkutaale is composed mainly of loose connective tissue and adipose (fat) tissue, interlaced with a network of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics. In dermatology and anatomy, it is also described as the subcutis or hypodermis.

Functions of the subkutaale include insulation to reduce heat loss, energy storage through fat cells, and mechanical cushioning that helps absorb impacts. It also serves as a conduit for nerves and blood vessels that supply the skin and deeper tissues. The layer plays a role in thermoregulation through its vascular network. Clinically, it is the primary site for subcutaneous drug administration, with absorption influenced by local blood flow, fat thickness, and injection technique.

Variation in thickness is common and depends on site, sex, age, and body composition. Typical injection sites are the abdomen, thigh, and upper arm, chosen based on absorption characteristics and patient comfort. Repeated injections in the same area can cause lipodystrophy, scar tissue, or uneven fat distribution.

Clinical considerations include conditions affecting the subkutaale such as cellulitis or panniculitis, and imaging modalities like ultrasound or MRI can assess subcutaneous fat and related structures. In veterinary medicine as in humans, the subcutaneous layer is a recognized site for injections and cosmetic or health-related evaluations.

Alternative terms include subcutis and hypodermis, which are commonly used interchangeably in medical literature.