Stretcher

A stretcher is a portable, rigid or semi-rigid litter used to transport injured or ill persons. It provides a stable surface for movement and typically includes handles or straps for carrying and securing the patient. Stretchers are widely used by emergency medical services, hospitals, search-and-rescue teams, and military units to transfer individuals with minimal additional injury and to facilitate access for medical care.

There are several common types of stretchers. Basket stretchers are rigid frames, often made of wicker or plastic, used in field and rescue operations and sometimes equipped for flotation or rope hoisting. Wheeled stretchers, mounted on a frame with wheels and commonly used in ambulances, allow patient transport with less manual lifting and usually include adjustable height, side rails, and restraint straps. Scoop stretchers consist of two interlocking halves that can be slid under a patient and joined to form a single rigid surface, reducing movement during transfer and enabling immobilization with spinal precautions. Each type is paired with appropriate immobilization devices and safety features.

Materials vary by design and use, including wood, steel, aluminum, and various fabrics or vinyls for the surface. Common safety features include securing straps, head immobilizers, and compatibility with backboards or cervical collars. In rescue operations, stretchers may incorporate attachments for hoists or flotation devices.

Historically, stretchers evolved from improvised means such as blankets and boards to wicker or rigid frames, with the modern wheeled stretcher becoming widespread in the 20th century. Today, numerous models and accessories support safe and efficient patient transport across settings.