Streptokokkide

Streptokokkide refers to bacteria belonging to the genus Streptococcus. These are Gram-positive, spherical or ovoid-shaped bacteria that typically grow in chains or pairs. The name "Streptococcus" itself comes from Greek words meaning "twisted chain." Streptococci are common inhabitants of the human body, particularly in the throat, skin, and intestines. They are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can survive with or without oxygen.

Many streptococcal species are harmless commensals, playing a role in maintaining a healthy balance of microorganisms in the body. However, certain species are pathogenic and can cause a wide range of infections in humans. Common examples include Streptococcus pyogenes, which can lead to strep throat, scarlet fever, and skin infections like impetigo. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and ear infections. Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) can cause serious infections in newborns.

The identification and classification of streptococci often rely on their hemolytic activity on blood agar (alpha, beta, or gamma hemolysis) and their cell wall antigens (Lancefield groups). Beta-hemolytic streptococci, such as S. pyogenes and S. agalactiae, completely lyse red blood cells, while alpha-hemolytic streptococci cause partial lysis. Gamma-hemolytic streptococci show no hemolytic activity. Diagnosis of streptococcal infections is typically made through laboratory tests, including culturing the bacteria or using rapid antigen detection tests. Antibiotics, particularly penicillin, are the primary treatment for most streptococcal infections.