Stomachrelated

Stomach-related is a term used to describe topics connected with the stomach and the upper gastrointestinal tract. It encompasses anatomy, physiology, diseases, diagnostics, and treatments that affect gastric function, digestion, and storage of food.

Anatomy and physiology: The stomach sits in the upper abdomen between the esophagus and the small intestine. It contains regions called the cardia, fundus, body, and antrum, with the pyloric sphincter controlling emptying into the duodenum. The lining contains glands that secrete acid, pepsinogen, mucus, and intrinsic factor, which aids vitamin B12 absorption.

Common stomach-related conditions include gastritis (stomach lining inflammation), peptic ulcers (gastric or duodenal ulcers), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and gastroparesis (delayed stomach emptying). Functional dyspepsia and certain stomach cancers also fall under this area. Helicobacter pylori infection is a major cause of gastritis and ulcers; NSAID use is another important factor.

Diagnosis typically relies on history and physical examination, with tests such as upper endoscopy, biopsy, H. pylori testing (breath, stool, or serology), and imaging. For suspected delayed emptying, a gastric emptying study may be used.

Management depends on the specific condition and may include lifestyle and dietary modifications, medications such as antacids, H2 blockers, or proton pump inhibitors, and antibiotics for H. pylori. Prokinetic agents may help gastroparesis; surgery is considered in certain ulcers or cancer. Ongoing monitoring and risk factor modification are common elements.