Spurverhaltens

Spurverhalten is a term used in ethology to describe the suite of behaviors associated with the use of spurs—keratinous projections located on the legs of certain birds. In birds, especially Galliformes such as domestic chickens, turkeys, pheasants, and some ratites, spurs develop on the tibia or metatarsus and are used in social interactions. Spur-related behaviors include ritualized threat displays, leg- and spur-directed movements, and, in aggressive encounters, decisive spur strikes during male competition for territory and mates. The display can accompany vocal signals and visual postures. In many species, larger, sharper spurs correlate with higher social status and more intense fighting.

Spur development is influenced by age, sex, and hormones, particularly androgens. In many species, males have longer or more robust spurs, reflecting sexual selection. In some domesticated breeds, spur length has been selectively bred, with welfare considerations for handlers due to potential injuries.

In ecological and evolutionary contexts, spur morphology and use contribute to male–male competition dynamics, mate choice, and deterrence of rivals. While spurs can inflict injury, many spur-related behaviors are ritualized, reducing harm relative to escalated combat.

Observation of spurverhalten relies on field observations, video analysis, and captive studies, with attention to ethical considerations. Further research addresses developmental mechanisms of spur growth, the triggers of spur-directed aggression, and cross-species comparisons to understand the evolution of this trait.