Sprain

A sprain is an injury to a ligament—the tissue that connects bones at a joint—caused by a wrenching or twisting force that stretches or tears the ligament. Sprains are distinguished from strains, which affect muscle or tendon.

Symptoms include joint pain, swelling, bruising, tenderness, reduced range of motion, and a sense of instability. In severe sprains, weight bearing may be difficult or impossible.

Most sprains occur in the ankle, knee, or wrist, but any joint can be affected. They arise when a joint is forced beyond its normal range, producing partial tears or complete rupture of the ligament.

Diagnosis is usually clinical. Imaging such as X-ray is used to exclude fractures; MRI or ultrasound may be employed to assess ligament damage or associated injuries.

Treatment aims to protect the joint and restore function. Initial care typically follows the RICE approach (rest, ice, compression, elevation) with immobilization if needed. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may relieve pain and swelling. After an initial rest period, gradual movement, weight bearing as tolerated, and physical therapy support recovery. Most sprains heal without surgery; surgery is considered for severe or unstable injuries.

Prognosis depends on the grade and joint involved. Mild sprains may improve in days to weeks; moderate injuries take weeks to a few months; severe sprains can take several months and may recur without rehabilitation.

Prevention emphasizes conditioning, proper warm-up, balance and strength training, correct footwear, and the use of protective supports in high-risk activities.