Spondylolistéza

Spondylolistéza refers to a condition where one vertebra slips forward over the vertebra below it. This most commonly occurs in the lower back, specifically at the L5-S1 or L4-L5 level. The slippage is often caused by a stress fracture in a part of the vertebra called the pars interarticularis, a condition known as spondylolysis, although other causes like degenerative changes, trauma, or congenital abnormalities can also lead to spondylolistéza.

Symptoms can vary greatly depending on the severity of the slippage and whether nerves are being compressed. Some individuals experience no pain, while others report lower back pain that may radiate into the buttocks or legs. This pain can be exacerbated by activities like standing, walking, or bending backward. Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the legs are also possible if nerve roots are affected.

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination and imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI. The degree of slippage is often graded to help guide treatment. Treatment options range from conservative management to surgical intervention. Conservative approaches include rest, pain medication, physical therapy to strengthen core muscles, and activity modification. If conservative treatments fail or if there is significant nerve compression or instability, surgery may be considered to stabilize the spine, which can involve spinal fusion.