Spastische

Spastische is an adjective used in German-language medical terminology to describe properties related to spasticity, a condition characterized by increased muscle tone and exaggerated reflexes. Spasticity commonly arises from damage to the brain or spinal cord, particularly affecting upper motor neurons.

Causes of spastische changes include upper motor neuron lesions from stroke, traumatic brain injury, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injury. Pathophysiology involves reduced inhibitory control of spinal reflex circuits, increased alpha motor neuron excitability, and velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement.

Clinically, spasticity presents as velocity-dependent increased muscle tone, stiffness, and exaggerated reflexes. Patients may experience spasms, clonus, and, with long-standing involvement, muscle contractures and altered gait. Spasticity must be distinguished from dystonia or rigidity, which have different patterns and triggers.

Assessment is commonly performed with the Modified Ashworth Scale, the Tardieu scale, and functional measures. Management is multidisciplinary: physical and occupational therapy with stretching and strengthening; oral medications such as baclofen, tizanidine, and diazepam; botulinum toxin injections for focal spasticity; intrathecal baclofen in severe cases; and, when needed, surgical options like selective dorsal rhizotomy. Orthotics and adaptive devices support function.

Spasticity can be chronic and progressive in some conditions but varies with treatment and disease course. Early intervention improves outcomes, though residual impairment often affects mobility and daily activities. The term spastische is primarily used in German medical literature to describe spastic phenomena, and is equivalent to the English term spastic or spasticity in clinical contexts.