Spacesuits

A spacesuit is a complex wearable system designed to keep a person alive in the harsh environment of outer space or other inhospitable surroundings. It provides life support, propulsion and protection from vacuum, extreme temperatures, radiation, and micrometeoroids, enabling astronauts to perform extravehicular activities and work outside a spacecraft.

A typical suit consists of layered fabrics and a pressure garment, a helmet with a visor, gloves, and a portable life support system that supplies oxygen, regulates temperature and humidity, and removes carbon dioxide. The system also powers communications, cooling, and suit sensors, and it maintains a safe pressure around the wearer. The suit’s design integrates mobility aids, emergency backups, and visibility controls.

There are several types of spacesuits. Extravehicular activity (EVA) suits are used for spacewalks, while intravehicular (IVA) suits are worn inside spacecraft and provide protection and comfort during routine operations. National programs have developed specific versions, such as NASA’s EMU and xEMU, Russia’s Orlan and Sokol, and China’s Feitian, each tailored to mission needs and spacecraft interfaces.

Spacesuits are built from multiple layers, including an airtight bladder, restraint layers, thermal insulation, and micrometeoroid protection, enclosed by an outer shell. The suits rely on a Portable Life Support System, often housed on the back, and may incorporate a liquid cooling garment and torque joints to aid mobility and dexterity.

The modern spacesuit lineage began with early twentieth-century concepts, advancing to the Apollo A7L, the Space Shuttle-era EMU, and ongoing development for lunar and Mars missions. Advances emphasize greater mobility, reliability, and compatibility with new spacecraft and habitats.