Solidstatebatterier

Solidstatebatterier, commonly referred to as solid-state batteries, are energy storage devices that replace the liquid or gel electrolyte found in conventional lithium-ion batteries with a solid electrolyte. This design aims to improve safety, enable higher energy density, and operate over a broader temperature range.

Solid electrolytes include ceramics or oxides (for example garnet-type LLZO), sulfides (such as LGPS), and solid polymer electrolytes (such as PEO-based systems). Each class offers different ion conductivity, chemical stability, and interfacial properties, influencing performance and manufacturability.

Common designs pair a lithium metal or graphite-based anode with a high-energy cathode such as NMC or LFP. The solid electrolyte must conduct lithium ions while maintaining a stable interface with both electrodes. Interfaces and grain boundaries, as well as electrode porosity and density, are critical to overall performance.

Advantages include higher energy density potential with lithium metal anodes, reduced risk of flammable electrolyte fires, and compatibility with high-voltage cathodes. Solid-state batteries may also offer improved safety at elevated temperatures and potentially longer cycle life if dendrite formation and interfacial degradation are controlled.

Current challenges hinder commercialization: high interfacial resistance, dendrite initiation and propagation in some chemistries, difficulties achieving tight electrode-electrolyte contact, brittleness of ceramics, moisture sensitivity, and high production costs. Manufacturing processes for large-scale production and quality control remain active research areas.

Applications are primarily in electric vehicles, portable electronics, and grid storage research, with several pilot programs and partnerships exploring automotive use. The field is rapidly evolving, with ongoing work to lower cost, increase cycle life, and enable scalable manufacturing.