Sniper

Sniper is a marksman trained to engage targets from concealed positions at long range with a high-precision rifle and optical sight. In military, paramilitary, and some law enforcement contexts, snipers operate alone or in pairs as part of a dedicated unit. The shooter typically works with a spotter who estimates range, wind, and other variables to aid ballistic calculations and target acquisition. The aim is to neutralize high-value targets, gather intelligence, or disrupt enemy operations while minimizing exposure and collateral damage.

Standard equipment includes a precision rifle capable of sub-MOA accuracy at extended distances, a high-magnification scope, a stable mounting system such as a bipod, camouflage and concealment gear, rangefinders, ballistic charts or software, and sometimes a suppressor. Fieldcraft and patience are essential: snipers use camouflage, observation posts, and careful approach routes to reduce detection and maintain accuracy over long dwell times. External ballistics—bullet drop, wind drift, and air density—must be estimated with data collected on the shooter's environment.

Training covers marksmanship, observation, stalking, range estimation, wind reading, and decision-making under stress. In many settings, a spotter helps with data and target verification, while the shooter focuses on trigger control and shot placement. Tactics emphasize precision over volume, rapid disengagement if exposed, and adherence to rules of engagement and safety.

Historically, snipers have appeared in various forms from early riflemen to modern military units. Notable individuals include Simo Häyhä, Lyudmila Pavlichenko, Carlos Hathcock, Chris Kyle, and Rob Furlong, among others. Records and techniques have evolved with advancements in rifles, optics, and ballistic science.

Outside military and law enforcement, long-range precision shooting is pursued as sport and hunting where legal.